UPSC(CSAT)IAS,CSE : Geography : Optional Subject of Main Examination

UPSC : Geography : Optional Subject of Main Examination
Paper- I
PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY
Section-A: Physical Geography
1) Geomorphology: Factors controlling Iandform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; origin and evolution of the earths crust; physical conditions of the earths interior; geosyndines; continental drift; isostasy; sea-floor spreading; plate tectonics; mountain building; volcanicity; earthquakes; concepts of geomorphic cycles; landforms associated with fluvial, arid, glacial, coastal and karst cycle; groundwater; Applied Geomorphology.
2) Climatology: Temperature and pressure belts of the world; heat budget of the earth; atmospheric circulation; planetary and local winds; monsoons and jetstreams; air masses and fronts; temperate and tropical cyclones; types and. distribution of precipitation; Koppens and Thornthwaites classification of world climate; hydrological cycle; climatic change.
3) Oceanography: Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; temperature and salinity of the oceans; ocean deposits; oven currents and tides; marine resources-biotic, mineral and energy resources; coral reefs; sea-level changes.
4) Biogeography: Genesis of soils; classification and distribution of soils; soil profile; soil erosion and conservation; factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; problems of deforestation and conservation measures; social forestry, agro-forestry.
5) Environmental Geography: Human ecological adaptations; transformation of nature by man; environmental degradation and conservation; ecosystems and their management; global ecologicalimbalances-problems of pollution; global warming, reduction in bio¬diversity and depletion of forests.

Section B
Human Geography
1) Perspectives in Human Geography: A real differentiation; regional synthesis; dichotomy and dualism; environmentalism; quantitative revolution and locational analysis; radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches; cultural regions of the world; human development indicators.
2) Economic Geography: World economic development-measurement and problems; world resources and their distribution; energy crisis; the limits to growth; world agriculture-typology of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; food and nutrition problems; famine-causes, effects and remedies; world industries-location patterns and problems; patterns of world trade.
3) Population and Settlement Geography: Growth and distribution of world population; demographic attributes; causes and consequences of migration; concepts of over-, under and optimum population; World population problems.
Types and patterns of rural settlements; hierarchy of urban settlements; concept of primate city and rank-size rule; functional classification of towns; sphere of urban influence; rural-urban fringe; satellite town; problems of urbanization.
4) Regional Planning: Concept of a region; types of regions and methods of regionalisation; growth centres and growth poles; regional imbalances; environmental issues in regional planning; planning for sustainable development.
5) Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography: System analysis in Human Geography; Malthusian, Marxian and Demographic Transition models; Central Place theories of Chnstaller and Losch; Von Thunens model of agricultural location; Webers model of industrial location; Rostovs model of stages of growth. Heartland and Rimland theories; laws of international boundaries and frontiers.
Note: Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.

Paper II
Geography of India
Sanction A.
1) Physical Setting: Space relationship of India with neighboring countries; structure and relief; drainage system and watersheds; physiographic regions; structure and relief; drainage system and watersheds; physiographic regions; mechanism of Indian monsoons; tropical cyclones and western disturbances; floods and droughts; climatic regions; natural vegetation, soil types and their distributions.
2) Resources: Land, surface and ground-water, energy, minerals and biotic resources, their distribution, utilisation and conservation; energy crisis.
3) Agriculture: Infrastructure-irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; institutional factors-land holdings, land tenure and land reforms; agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability; agro-and social forestry; green revolution and its socio-economic and ecological implications; significance of dry farming; livestock resources and white revolution; blue revolution; agricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic zones.
4) Industry: Evolution of industries; locational factors of cotton, jute, iron and steel, fertilizer, paper, drugs and pharmaceutical, automobile and cottage industries; industrial complexes and industrial regionalisation; new industrial policy; multinationals and liberalisation.
5) Transport, Communication and Trade: Road, railway, waterway, airway, airway and pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development; growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade, trade balance; free trade and export promotion zones; developments in communication technology and its impact on economy and society.

Section B
1) Cultural Setting: Racial and ethnic diversities; major tribes, tribal areas and their problems; role of language, religion and tradition in the formation of cultural regions; growth, distribution and density of population; demographic attributes-sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio and longevity; migration (inter¬regional, intra-regional and international) and associated problems, population problems and policies.
2) Settlements: Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements; urban development; census definition of urban areas; morphology of Indian cities; functional classification of Indian cities; conurbations and metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; slums and associated problems; town planning; problems of urbanization.
3) Regional Development and Planning: Experience of regional planning in India: Five Year Plans; integrated rural development programmes; panchayati raj and decentralised planning; command area development; watershed management; planning for backward area, desert droughtprone, hill and tribal area development; multi-level planning; geography and regional planning.
4) Political Aspects: Geographical basis of Indian federalism; state reorganisation; regional consciousness and national integration; international boundary of India and related issues; disputes on sharing of water resources; India and geopolitics of the India Ocean.
5) Contemporary Issues: Environmental hazards-landslides, earthquakes, floods and droughts, epidemics; issues related to environmental pollution; changes in patterns of land use; principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management; population explosion and food security; environmental degradation; problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; regional disparities in economic development; concept of sustainable growth and development
Note: Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.

UPSC (CSAT)IAS,CSE: Geology : Optional Subject of Main Examination

Section-A
(i) General Geology
The Solar System, meteorities, origin and interior of the earth. Radioactivity and age of earth; Volcanoes- causes and products, volcanic belts. Earthquakes-causes, effects, earthquake belts, seismicity of India, intensity and magnitude, seismongraphs! Island arcs, deep sea trenches and mid-ocean ridges. Continental drift-evidences and mechanics; seafloor spreading, plate tectonics, isostasy, orogeny and epeirogeny. Continents and oceans.
(ii) Geomorphology and Remote SensingBasic concepts of geomorphology. Weathering and mass wasting. Landforms, slopes and drainage. Geomqrphic cycles and their interpretation. Morphology and its relation to structures and lithology. Applications of geomorphology in mineral prospecting, civil engineering,, hydrology and environmental studies. Geomorphology of Indian subcontinent.
Aerial photographs and their interpretstion-mertis and limitations. The Electronmagnetic Spectrum. Orbiting satellites and sensor systems. Indian Remote Sensing Satellites. Satellites data products. Applications of remote sensing in geology. The Geographic Information System and its applications. Global Positioning System.
(iii) Structural geologyPrinciples of geologic mapping and map reading, projection diagrams, stress and strain ellipsoid and stress-strain relationships of elastic, plastic and viscous materials. Strain markers in deformed rocks. Behaviour of minerals # and rocks under deformation conditions. Folds and faults classification and mechanics. Structural analysis of folds, foliations, lineations, joints and faults, unconformities. Superposed deformation. Time-relationship between crystallization and deformation. Introduction to petrofabrics.

Section-B
(iv) PaleontologySpecies- definition and nomenclature. Megafossils and Mtcrofossils. Modes of preservation of fossils. Different kinds of microfossils. Application of microfossils in correlation, petroleum exploration, paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic studies. Morphology, geological history and evolutionary trend in Cephalopoda, Trilobita, Brachiopoda, Echinoidea and Anthozoa. Sh-atigraphic utility of Ammonoidea, Trilobita and Graptoloidea. Evolutionary trend in Hominidae, Equidae and Proboscidae. Siwalik fauna. Gondwana flora and its importance.
(v) Stratigraphy and Geology of IndiaClassification of stratigraphic sequences: Iithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, chro-nostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic and their interrelationships. Distribution and classification of Precambrian rocks of India. Shady of stratigraphic distribution and lithology of Phanerozoic rocks of India with reference to fauna, flora and economic importance. Major boundary problems-Cambrian/Precambrian, Permian/Triassic, Cretaceous/Tertiary and Pliocene/ Pleistocene. Study of climatic conditions, paleogeography and igneous activity in the Indian subcontinent in the geological past. Tectonic framework of India. Evolution of the Himalayas.
(vi) Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology: Hydrologic cycle and genetic classification of water. Movement of subsurface water. Springs. Porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and storage coefficient, classification of aquifers. Water-bearing characteristics of rocks. Groundwater chemistry. Salt water intrusion. Types of wells. Drainage basin morphometry. Exploration for groundwater. Groundwater recharge. Problems and management of groundwater. Rainwater harvesting. Engineering properties of rocks. Geological investigations for dams, tunnels and bridges. Rock as construction material. Alkali-aggregate reaction. Landslides-causes, prevention and rehabilitation. Earthquake-resistant structures.


Paper-II
Section-A
(i) MineralogyClassification of crystals into systems and classes of symmetry. International system of crystallographic notation. Use of projection diagrams to represent crystal symmetry. Crysta.1 defects. Elements of X-ray crystallography.
Petrological microscope and accessories. Optical properties of common rock forming minerals. Pleochroism, extinction angle, double refraction, birefringence, twinning and dispersion in minerals.
Physical and chemical characters of rock forming silicate mineral groups. Structural classification of silicates. Common minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Minerals of the carbonate, phosphate, sulphide and halide groups.
(ii) Igneous ad Metamorphic PetrologyGeneration and crystallisation of magma. Crystallisation of albite-anorthite, diopside-anorthite and diopside-wollastonite-silica systems. Reaction principle., Magma tic differentiation and assimilation.
Petrogsnetic significance of the textures and structures of igneous rocks. Petrography and petrogenesis of granite, syenite, diortte, basic and ultrabasic groups, charnockite, anorthosite and alkaline rocks. Carbonatites. Deccan volcanic province.
Types and agents of metamporphism. Metamporphic grdes and zones. Phase rule. Facies of regional and contact metamorphism. ACF and AKF diagrams. Textures and structures of metamporphic rocks. Metamorphism of arenaceous, argillaceous and basic rocks. Minerals assemblages Retrograde metamorphism. Metasomatism and granitisation, migmatites, Granulite terrains of India.
(iii) Sedimentology -Sedimentary rocks: Processes of formation, diagenesis and Iithification. Properties of sediments. Clastic and non-clastic rocks-their classification, petrography and depositional environment. Sedimentary facies and provenance. Sedimentary structures and their significance. Heavy minerals and their significance, Sedminetary basins of India.

Section-B
(iv) Economic GeologyOre, ore minerals and gangue, tenor of ore, classification of ore deposits. Process of formation of minerals deposits. Controls of ore localisation. Ore textures and structures. Metailogenic epochs and provinces. Geology of the important Indian deposits of aluminium, chromium, copper, gold, iron, lead zinc, manganese, titanium, uranium and thorium and industrial minerals. Deposits of coal and petroleum in India. National Mineral Policy. Conservation and utilization of mineral resources. Marine mineral resources and Law of Sea.
(v) Mining Geology Methods of prospecting-geological, geophysical, geochemical and geobotanical. Techniques of sampling. Estimation of reserves or ore. Methods of exploration and mining metallic ores, industrial minerals and marine mineral resources. Mineral beneficiation and ore dressing.
(vi) Geochemistry and Environmental GeologyCosmic abundance of elements. Composition of the planets and meteorites. Structure and composition of earth and distribution of elements. Trace elements. Elements of crystal chemistry-types of chemical bonds, coordination number. Isomorphism and polymorphism. Elementary thermodynamics.
Natural hazards-floods, landslides, coastal erosion, earthquakes and volcanic activity and mitigation. Environmental impact of urbanization, open cast mining, industrial and radioactive waste disposal, use of fertilizers, dumping of mine waste and fly-ash. Pollution of ground and surface water, marine pollution Environment protection-legislative measures in India.

UPSC (CSAT)IAS,CSE: History : Optional Subject of Main Examination

Paper-I
Section-A
1. Sources and approaches to study of early Indian history.
2. Early pastoral and agricultural communities. The archaeological evidence.
3. The Indus Civilization: its origins, nature and decline.
4. Patterns of settlement, economy, social organization and religion in India (c. 2000 to 500 B.C.): archaeological perspectives.
5. Evolution of North Indian society and culture: evidence of Vedic texts (Samhitas to Sutras).

6. Teachings of Mahavira and Buddha. Contemporary society. Early phase of state formation and urbanization.
7. Rise of Magadha; the Mauryan empire. Ashokas inscriptions; his dhamma. Nature of the Mauryan state.
8-9 Post-Mauryan period in northern and peninsular India: Political and administrative history,. Society, economy, culture and religion. Tamilaham and its society: the Sangam texts.
10-11 India in the Gupta and post-Gupta period (to c. 750): Political history of northern and peninsular India; Samanta system and changes in political structure; economy; social structure; culture; religion.
12. Themes in early tndian cultural history: languages and texts; major stages in the evolution of art and architecture; major philosophical thinkers and schools; ideas in science and mathematics.

Section-B
13. India, 750-1200: Polity, society and economy. Major dynasties and political structures in North India. Agrarian structures. Indian feudalism- Rise of Rajputs. The Imperial Cholas and their contemporaries in Peninsular India. Village communities in the South. Conditions of women. Commerce mercantile groups and guilds; towns. Problem of coinage. Arab conquest of Sind; the Ghaznavide empire.
14. India, 750-1200: Culture, Literature, Kalhana, historian. Styles of temple architecture; sculpture. Religious thought and institutions: Sankaracharyas vedanta. Ramanuja. Growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India. Sufism, Indian science. Alberuni and his study of Indian science and civilization.
15. The 13th Century. The Ghorian invasions. Factors behind Ghorian success. Economic, social and cultural consequences. Foundation of Delhi Sultanate. The slave Dynasty. Iltutmish; Balban. The Khalji Revolution. Early Sultanate architecture.
16. The 14th Century. Alauddin Khaljis conquests, agrarian and economic measures. Muhammad Tughluqsmajor projects. Firuz Tughluqs concessions and public works. Decline of the Sultanate. Foreign contacts: Ibn Battuta.
17. Economy society and culture in the 13th and 14th centuries. Caste and slavery under sultanate. Technological changes. Sultanate architecture. [Persian literature: Amir Khusrau, Historiography; Ziya Barani. Evolution of a composite culture. Sufism in North India. Lingayats. Bhakti schools in the south.
18. The 15th and early l6th Century (Political History). Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul Abedin), Gujarat, Malwa, Bahmanids. The Vijayanagra Empire. Lodis. Mughal Empire, First phase: Babur, Humayun. The Sur Empire: Sher Shahs administration. The Portuguese colonial enterprise.
19. The 15th and early 16th Century (society, economy and culture). - Regional cultures and literatures, provincial architectural styles. Society, culture, literature and the arts in Vijayanagara Empire.Monotheistic movements: Kabir and Guru Nanak. Bhakti Movements: Chaitanya. Sufism in its pantheistic phase.
20. Akbar: His conquests and consolidation of empire. Establishment of jagir and mansab systems. His Rajput policy. Evolution of religious and social outlook. Theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy. Abul FazI, thinker and historian. Court patronage of art and technology.
21. Mughal empire in the 17th Century. Major policies (administrative and religious) of jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb. The Empire and the Zamindars. Nature of the Mughal state. Late 17th Century crisis: Revolts. The Ahom kingdom, Shivaji and the early maratha kingdom.
22. Economy and society, 16th and 17th Centuries. Population. Agricultural and craft production! Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English and French companies- a trade revolution. Indian mercantile classes. Banking, insurance and credit systems. Conditions of peasants, famines. Condition of Women.
23. Culture during Mughal Empire. Persian literature (including historical works). Hindi and religious literatures. Mughal architecture. Mughal painting. Provincial schools of architecture and painting. Classical music. Science and technology. Sawai Jai Singh, astronomer. Mystic eclecticism: Dara Shukoh. Vaishnav Bhakti. Maharashtra Dhanna. Evolution of the Sikh community (Khalsa).
24. First half of 18th Century: Factors behind decline of the Mughal Empire. The regional principalities (Nizams Deccan, Bengal, Awadh). Rise of Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas. The Maratha. fiscal and financial system. Emergency of Afghan Power. Panipat, 1761. Internal weakness, political cultural and economic, on eve of the British conquest.


Paper-II
Section-A

1. Establishment of British rule in India: Factors behind British success against Indian powers-Mysore, Maratha Confederacy and the Punjab as major powers in resistance; Policy of subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse.
2. Colonial Economy: Tribute system. Drain of wealth and de-industrialisation, Fiscal pressures and revenue settlements (Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari settlements); Structure of the British raj up to 1857 (including the Acts of 1773 and 1784 and administrative organisation).
3. Resistance to colonia rule: Early uprisings; Causes, nature and impact of the Revolt of 1857; Reorganisation of the Raj, 1858 and after.
4. Socio-cultural impact of colonial rule: Official social reform measures (1828-57); Orientalist-Anglicist controversy; coming of English education and the press; Christian missionary activities; Bengal Renaissance; Social and religious reform movements in Bengal and other areas; Women as focus of social reform.
5. Economy 1858-1914: Railways; Commercialisation of Indian agriculture; Growth of landless labourers and rural indebtedness; Famines; India as market for British industry; Customs removal, exchange and countervailing excise; Limited growth of modern industry.
6. Early Indian Nationalism: Social background; Formation of national associations; Peasant and tribal uprising during the early nationalist era; Foundation of the Indian National Congress; The Moderate phase of the Congress; Growth of Extremism; The Indian Council Act of 1909; Home Rule Movement; The Government of India Act of 1919.
7. Inter-War economy of India: Industries and problem of Protection; Agricultural distress; the Great Depression; Ottawa agreements and Discriminatory Protection; the growth of trade unions; The Kisan Movement; The economic programme of the Congress Karachi resolution, 1931.
8. Nationalism under Gandhis leadership: Gandhis career, thought and methods of mass mobilisation; Rowlatt Satyagraha, Khilafat- Non Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, 1940 Satyagraha and Quit India Movement; State Peoples Movement.
9. Other strands of the National Movement:a) Revolutionary movements since 1905; (b) Constitutional politics; Swarajists, Liberals, Responsive Cooperation; (c) Ideas of Jawharlal Nehru, (d) The Left (Socialists and Communists); (e) Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army; (f) Communal strands: Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha; (g) Women in the National Movement.
10. Literary and cultural lmovements: Tagore, Premchand, Su bra many am Bharati, Iqbal as examples only; New trends in art; Film industry; Writers Organisations and Theatre Associations.
11. Towards Freedom: The Act of 1935; Congress Ministries, 1937-1939; The Pakistan Movement; Post-1945 upsurge (RIN Mutiny, Telangana uprising.etc.,); Constitutional negotiations and the Transfer of Power, 15 August 1947.
12. First phase of Independence (1947-64): Facing, the consequences of Partition; Gandhijis murder; economic dislocation; Integration of States; The democratic constitution, 1950; Agrarian reforms; Building an industrial welfare state; Planning and industrialisation; Foreign policy of Non-alignment; Relations with neighbours.

Section-B
13. Enlightenment and Modern ideas1. Renaissance Background2. Major Ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau3. Spread of Enlightenment outside Europe4. Rise of socialist ideas (to Marx)
14. Origins of Modern Politics1. European States System2. American Revolution and the Constitution.3. French revolution and after math, 1789-18-15.4. British Democratic Politics, 1815-1850; Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders, chartists.
15. Industrialisation1. English Industrial Revolution: Causes and Impact on Society2. Industrialization in other countries: USA, Germany, Russia, Japan3. Socialist Industrialization: Soviet and Chinese.
16. Nation-State System1. Rise of Nationalism in 19th century2. Nationalism: state-building in Germany and Italy3. Disintegration of Empires through the emergence of nationalities.
17. Imperialism and Colonialism1. Colonial System (Exploitation of New World, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, Tribute from Asian Conquests)2. Types of Empire: of settlement and non-settlement: Latin America, South Africa, Indonesia, Australia.3. Imperialism and Free Trade: The New Imperialism
18. Revolution and Counter-Revolution1. 19th Century European revolutions2. The Russian Revolution of 1917-19213. Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany.4. The Chinese Revolution of 1949
19. World Wars1. 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal Implications2. World War I: Causes and Consequences3. World War II: Political Consequence
20. Cold War1. Emergence of Two Blocs2. Integration of West Europe and US Strategy; Communist East Europe3. Emergence of Third World and Non-Alignment4. UN and Dispute Resolution
21. Colonial Liberation1. Latin America-Bolivar2. Arab World-Egypt3. Africa-Apartheid to Democracy4. South-East Asia-Vietnam
22. De-colonization and Underdevelopment1. De-colonization: Break up of colonial Empires: British, French, Duth2. Factors constraining Development: Latin America, Africa
23. Unification of Europe1. Post War Foundations: NATO and European Community2. Consolidation and Expansion of European Community/ European Union.
24. Soviet Disintegration and the Unipolar World1. Factors in the collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union, 1985-19912. Political Changes in East Europe 1989-19923. End of the Cold War and US Ascendancy in the World4. Globalization

UPSC : Law : Optional Subject of Main Examination

PAPER-I
Section-A
Constitutional Law of India

1. Nature of the Indian Constitution: the distinctive features of its federal character.

2. Fundamental Rights.

3. Relationship between Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties.

4. Constitutional Position of the President and relation with the Council of Ministers.

5. Governor and his Powers.

6. Appointment and Transfer of judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.

7. Supreme Court and High Courts: Powers and Jurisdiction.

8. Union Public Service Commission and State Public Service Commissions: Powers and Functions.

9. Distribution of Legislative Powers between the Union and the States.

10. Administrative Relationship between Union and the States.

11. Emergency Provisions

12. Givil Servants: Constitutional safeguards.

13. Parliamentary Privileges

14. Amendment of the Constitution.

15. Principle of Natural Justice

16. Delegated Legislation: Its constitutionality and judicial and legislative . controls.

17. Judicial Review of Administrative Action.

Section-B
International Law

1. Nature and Definition of International Law.

2. Relationship between International Law and Municipal Law

3. State Recognition and State Succession.

4. Sea: Inland Waters, Territorial Sea,Contiguous Zone, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and High Seas.

5. Individuals, nationality, statelessness; Human Rights and procedures available for their enforcement.

6. Territorial jurisdiction of States, Extradition and Asylum.

7. Treaties: Formation application, termination and reservation.

8. United Nations: Its principal organs, powers, and functions.

9. Settlement of Disputes.

10. Lawful recourse to force; aggressions, self-defence, intervention.

11. Legality of the use of nuclear weapons; ban on testing of nuclear weapons; Nuclear non proliferation treaty-, CTBT.

12. International Terrorism State sponsored terrorism, Hijacking, International Criminal Court.

13. New International Economic order and Monetary law: WTO, TRIPS, GATT, IMF, World Bank.

14. Protection and Improvement of the Human Environment: International Efforts.

PAPER-II
Section-A Law of Crimes:

1. General Principles of Criminal Liability: mens rea and actus reus, Mens rea in statutory offences.

2. Application of the Indian Penal Code.

3. Kinds of Punishment.

4. Preparations and criminal attempts

5. General exceptions.

6. Joint and constructive liability.

7. Abetment.

8. Criminal conspiracy.

9. Offences against the State.

10. Offences against public tranquillity.

11. Offences against human body.

12. Offences against property

13. Offences Relating to Marriage.

14. Defamation

15. Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955

16. Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961

17. Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.

Law of Torts:

1. Nature and definition.

2. Liability based upon fault and strict liability.

3. Vicarious liability including State Liability.

4. General defences.

5. Joint tort-feasors.

6. Remedies.

7. Negligence

8. Defamation.

9. Nuisance.

10. Conspiracy

11. False imprisonment.

12. Malicious Prosecution.

13. Consumer Protection Act, 1986.

Section-B
Law of Contracts and Mercantile Law

1. Formation of Contract

2. Factors vitiating consent

3. Void voidable, illegal and unenforceable agreements.

4. Performance and discharge of contracts.

5. Quasi-contracts.

6. Consequences of breach of contract

7. Contract of Agency.

8. Sale of goods and hire purchase.

9. Formation and dissolution of partnership

10. Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.

11. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.

UPSC(CSAT)IAS,CSE : Anthropology : Optional Subject of Main Examination

PAPER- I
1.1 Meaning and scope Anthropology
1.2 Relationship with other disciplines: History, Economics, Sociology, Psychology, Political Science, Life Science, Medical Science.
1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevancea) Social-cultural Anthropologyb) Physical and biological Anthropologyc) Archaeological Anthropology
1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of Man.Organic Evolution - Theories of evolution in historical perspective, pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post- Darwinian period. Modern synthetic theory of evolution; brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Dolls rule, Copes rule, Gauses rule, Parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, mosaic evolution); Principles of systematic and taxonomy, major primate taxa, tertiary and quaternary fossil primates, Systematics of Hominoidea and Hominidae, Origin and evolution of man- Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.
1.5 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and distribution of the following:a) Prepleistocence fossil primates-Orwpithecus.b) South and East African hominids-Plesianthropus Australopithecus Africaus, Paranthropus, Australopithecus.c) Paranthropus-Homo erectus-Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis.d) Homo Heidelbergensis.e) Neanderthal man-La-chapelle-aus-saints (Classical type), rnt. Carmelites types (Progressive type).f) Rhodesian mang) Homo sapiens-Cro Magnon, Grimaldi, Chancelede.Recent advances in understanding the evolution, distribution and multidisciplinary approach to understand a fossil type in relation to others.
1.6 Evolutionary trend and classification of the order Primates, Relationship with other mammals, molecular evolution of Primates, Comparative anatomy of man and apes, primate locomotion; terrestrial and arboreal adaptation, skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications
1.7 Cultural Evolution-broad outlines of pre-historic cultures:a) Paleolithicb) Mesolithicc) Neolithicd) Chalcolithice) Copper-Bronze agef) Iron age
2.1 Family- definition and typology of family, household and domestic groups. Basic structure and functions; stability and changes in family-Typological and processual approaches to the study of family, Impact of urbanization, industrialization, education and feminist movements. Universality of family- a critique.
2.2 Concept of kinship: Definition of kin, incest prohibition exogamy and endogamy- Principles of descent-types and functions. Political and jural aspects of kinship. Unilineal, bilateral and double descent. Descent, filiation and complementary filiation. Kinship terminology, typology and approaches to the study of terminology Alliance and descent.
2.3 Marriage- Definitions, types and variation of marriage systems. Debates on the universal definition of marriage. Regulation of marriage-preferential, prescriptive, proscriptive and open systems. Types and form of marriage Dowry, bride-price, pestation and marriage Dowry, bride price, pestation and marriage stability.
3.1 Study of culture, patterns and processes. Concept of culture, patterns of culture, relationships between culture and civilization and society.
3.2 Concept of Social Change and Cultural Change:
3.3 Social structure and social organization, Role-analysis and social network, institutions, groups community. Social stratifications: principles and form, status, class and power, gender. Nature and types of mobility.
3.4 Concept of Society.
3.5 Approaches to the study of culture and society-classical evolutionism, neo-evolutionism, culture ecology, historical particularism and diffusionism, structural-functionalism, culture and personality, transactions-alism, symbolism, cognitive approach and new ethnography, post structuralism and post modernism.
4.1 Definitions and functions of religion. Anthropological approaches to the study of religion-evolutionary, psychological and functional. Magic, witchcraft and sorcery; definitions and functions and functionaries: priest, saman, medicine man and sorcerers. Symbolism in religion and rituals. Ethnomedicine. Myths and rituals: definitions and approaches to their study-structural, functional and processual Relation with economic and political structures.
5.1 Meaning, scope and relevance, principles governing productions, distribution and consumption in communities subsisting on hunting-gathering, fishing, pastoralism, horticulture and other economic pursuits. Formalist and substantivist debate-Dalton, karlpolyanny and Marx approach and New Economic Anthropology. Exchange: Gifts, barter, trade, ceremonjal exchange .and market economy.
5.2 Theoretical foundations. Types of political organisations-band, tribe, chiefdom, state, concept of power, authority and legitimacy. Social control, law and justice in tribal and peasant societies.
6.1 Concepts of developmental anthropological perspective. Models of development. Critiques of classical developmental theories. Concepts of planning and planned development. Concepts of participatory development. Culture ecology and sustainable development. Displacement and rehabilitation.
7.1 Concept of research in anthropology, subjectivity and reflexivity in terms of gender class, ideology and ethics. Distinction between methodology, methods and techniques. Nature and explanation in anthropological research. Positivistics and non-positivistic approaches. Comparative methods; nature, purpose and methods of comparison in social and cultural anthropology. Basic techniques of data collection. Interview, participant and other forms of observation, schedules, questionnaire, case-study methods, extended case study methods, life histories and secondary sources, oral history, genealogical method, participatory, learning and assessment (PLA). Participatory rapid assessment (PRA). Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
8.1 Concept, scope and major branches of human genetics. Its relationship with other branches of science and medicine.
8.2 Method for study of genetic principles in man-family study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal and karyotype analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.
8.3 Twin study method-zygosity, heritability estimates, present status of the twin study method and its applications.
8.4 Mendelian genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal, and polygenic inheritance in man.
8.5 Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law; causes and changes which bring down frequency-mutation, isolation, migration, selection, inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consangumeous mating, genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages (statistical and probability methods for study of human genetics).
8.6 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology.a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders)b) Sex chromosomal aberrations Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex, and other syndromic disorders.c) Autosomal aberrations-Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes.d) Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counselling, human DNA profiling, gene mapping and genome study.
8.7 Concept of race in historical and biological perspective. Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and metric characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial-classifications, racial differentiation and race-crossing in man.
8.8 Ethnic groups of mankind-characteristics and distributions in world, racia! classification of human groups. Principal living peoples of world. Their distribution and characteristics.
8.9 Age, sex and population variation in genetic marker-ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA, Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics-Hb level, body fat, pulse fate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio-economic groups. Impact of smoking air pollution, alcoholism, drugs and occupational hazards on health.
9.1 Concepts and Methods of Ecological Anthropology. Adaptation-social and cultural Deterministic thcories-a critique. Resources-biological and sustainable development. Biological additional-climatic, environmental, nutritional and genetic.
10.1 Relevance in understanding of contemporary society. Dynamics of ethnicity at rural, tribal, urban and international levels. Ethnic conflicts and political developments. Concept of ethnic boundaries. Ethnicity and concept of nation state.
11.1 Concept of human growth and development-stages of growth-prenatal, natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence. Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environmental, biochemical, nutritional, cultural and socioeconomic. Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations-biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.
12.1 Reproductive biology, Demography and population study. Reproductive physiology of male and female. Biological aspects of human fertility. Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility patterns and differentials.
12.2 Demographic Theory-biological, social and cultural.12.3 Demographic Methods-census, registration system, sample methods, duel reporting system.12-4 Population structures and population dynamics.12.5 Demographic rates and ratios, life table-structure and utility.12.6 Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and mortality.12.7 Methods of studying population growth.12.8 Biological consequences of population control and family welfare.13.1 Anthropology of sports.13.2 Nutritional Anthropology.13.3 Anthropology in designing of defence and other equipments13.4 Forensic Anthropology.13.5 Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction.13.6 Applied human gene tics-Paternity diagnosis genetic counselling and eugenics.13.7 DNA technology-prevention and cure of diseases.13.8 Anthropo-genetics in medicine.13.9 Serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.13.10 Application of statistical principles in human genetics and Physical Anthropology.

PAPER II
1. Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization - Pre historic (Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic), Protohistoric (Indus Civilization). Vedic and post-Vedic beginnings. Contributions of the tribal cultures.
2. Demographic profile of India - Ethnic and Linguistic elements in the Indian population and their distribution. Indian population, factors influencing its structure and growth.
3. The basis structure and nature of traditional Indian social system - a critique. Varnasharm. Purushartha, Karma, Rina and Rebirth. Theories on the origin of caste system, Jajmani system. Structural basis of inequality in traditional Indian society. Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity of Indian Society.
4. Emergence, growth and development of anthropology in India -contributions of the 19th Century and early 20* Century scholar administrator. Contributions of Indian anthropologists of tribal and caste studies. Contemporary nature of anthropological studies in India.
5. Approaches to the study of Indian society and culture - traditional and contemporary.5.1 Aspects of Indian village - Social organisations of agriculture, impact of market economy of Indian villages.
5.2 Linguistic and religious minorities-social, political and economic status.
6. Tribal situation in India - biogenetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic characteristics of the tribal populations and their distribution. Problems of the tribal Communities-land alienation, poverty indebtedness, low literacy, poor educational facilities, unemployment, underemployment, health and nutrition. Developmental projects-tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation:Development of forest policy and tribals, Impact of urbanisation and industrialization on tribal and rural populations.
7. Problems of exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes and other Backward classes. Constitutional safeguards for Schedule Tribes and Scheduled Castes. Social change and contemporary tribal societies: Impact of modern democratic institutions, development programmes and welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections. Emergence of ethnicity, tribal movements and quest for identity. Pseudo-tribalism.
8. Social change among the tribes during colonial and post-Independent India.8.1 Impact of Hinduism, Christianity, Islam and other religious on tribal societies.8.2 Tribe and nation state - a comparative study of tribal communities in India and other countries
9. History of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of tribal development and their implementation. Role of N.G.Os.
9.1 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development.
9.2 Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, commuhalism and ethnic and political movements.

The Curious Case of the Nobel Peace Prize.

The Chinese have charged the Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Liu Xiaobo, with the “Crime of Instigating the Subversion of State Power” (The Hindu, 10 December 2010) which is somewhat similar to the charge of sedition brought against Arundhati Roy. If India was taking a principled stand of supporting the human right to free speech by attending the Nobel Peace Prize cere­mony in Oslo, the same principles should lead to quashing the first information report filed against her and several others. If Liu Xiaobo deserves the Nobel Peace Prize, so does Arundhati Roy in full measure, for both have stood up fearlessly against authoritarian state structures and on behalf of the common man and his freedoms. And Julian Assange deserves the prize even more, as the Russians have sug­gested, for fearlessly exposing the way the United States controls its global empire.
Of course, Liu Xiaobo should be re­leased from jail immediately. There can be no compromise on that issue. Nor should Assange be subjected to attacks on his life and reputation for what he has done on behalf of all humanity. But restoring the full human rights of these individuals and even congratulating them for their actions perhaps do not add up to their deserving the Nobel Peace Prize, the highest award for “championing” the cause of peace, which is exactly what the late Alfred Nobel had in mind when he instituted the award (Heffermehl 2010: 37-38). Curious List We have all seen how in the last few decades, the Norwegian committee that selects the winners has consistently given the prize to politicians who have brokered temporary cessation of hostilities. The names that come to mind almost immedi­ately are those of Menachem Begin of Israel coupled with that Anwar al-Sadat of Egypt for the 1978 award, and those of Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin again
coupled with that of Yasser Arafat for the 1994 award. By no stretch of a kindly im­agination can these warlords be called champions of peace. But the inappropri­ateness pales into insignificance com­pared to presentation of the award to Henry Kissinger, the coldest of American hawks in the cold war period. It would be simplistic on our part to dismiss all this as an aberration. Five years after the award started in 1901, the world was stunned when the prize went to Theodore Roosevelt, president of the us, who had a few years ago personally led a cavalry charge in Cuba. He had merely brokered an uneasy settlement between Russia and Japan, which has left the Kuril Islands as contested territory right down to this date. Even the New York Times said the award had gone “to the most warlike citizen of these States” (Abrams 1988: 58). A cursory glance at other warlike states­man winners shows us that Viking blood speaks to the Norwegian committee – Austen Chamberlain (1925), Frank Kellogg (1929), and Cordell Hull (1945). An even more telling indictment is made by the curious omission of Mahatma Gandhi from the lists, though he was nominated several times. Jacob Worm-Müller gave negative advice for the 1937 nomination while acknowledging that Gandhi was “deservedly honoured and loved by the masses of India”. He spoke against him for being “a freedom fighter and a dictator, an idealist and a nationalist” (Tonnesson 1999). He did not think Gandhij was “con­sistently pacifist” nor was he sure that his ideals were “universal”.
Having put the Mahatma in his place, the committee went on to give the prize to none other than Robert Cecil. Christian Lange eulogised Cecil in the presentation speech in the following terms: Think of his background and traditions! The Cecil family is one of the oldest and most dis­tinguished among the English landed aris­tocracy. His father, the Marquess of Salis­bury, was for nearly twenty years the leader of the Conservative Party, and for most of this time prime minister. In foreign affairs he ac­cepted the legacy of Disraeli and continued Britain’s imperialist policy. In his early twenties the young Lord Robert Cecil be­came a private secretary to his father, at that time prime minister and foreign secretary. He fully shared his father’s pothat, either in Hatfield or in the circles in which Lord Robert moved in London, pacifism should at any time have been discussed, except perhaps with a shrug of the shoulders, for serious, realistic men cannot afford the luxury of such childish dreams! (Presentation Speech, 10 December 1937, www.nobelprize.org). The award was given to one of the aris­tocratic founders of the failed League of Nations when it was clear to everyone that his and their bankrupt policies had led to the rise of fascism and brought the world to the eve of another devastating war.
Alfred Nobel died in 1896, at a time when Norway would be freed from being a part of the Swedish empire. While he did not elaborate on his reasons, it can be con­jectured that he was moved by a kindly feeling of solidarity with Norwegians when he requested the newly formed Nor­wegian Storting or parliament to select the committee which would award the peace prize. Most times, this small com­mittee of Norwegian politicians has done a worthwhile job, but their inevitably re­stricted world view has led to ghastly mis­takes. In 1974, Berit Ås of the socialist party advised his Norwegian colleagues that the committee should include others, so that the world could be represented “ideologically, culturally and geographi­cally” (Tonnesson 2000). Selective Awards However, the Norwegian committee has continued to stick to its chosen path, consciously divergent from the wishes of Alfred Nobel, but focused on promoting western values – even North Atlantic ones – and admonishing those states or cultures that posed a challenge to this world view. Andrei Sakharov, the father of the Soviet H-Bomb, was given the prize in 1975 after the publication of his famous Manifesto, and his founding of the committee for human rights in Russia. A clear threat to the authoritarian leaders of the Soviet Un­ion, he was prevented from attending the ceremony, as Lui has been prevented this year. Mikhail Gorbachev was similarly dis­covered by the committee in 1990 as the Soviet Union crumbled away. Now that the west has discovered an Islamic threat to its existence, the committee quickly came up with an award for the Iranian woman lawyer, Shirin Ebadi in 2003. As China poses an economic challenge to the us, it is the turn of a Chinese dissident to be similarly embraced. The point is not that the laureates are not all admirable in their own way. What is under serious consideration is the moti­vation of the Nobel Peace Committee members and what they intend to achieve by distributing the awards. Their most famous dissident was Carl von Ossietzky, a German prisoner of conscience impris­oned by the Nazis. He was prevented from receiving the prize in 1935 and died three years later while still in jail of TB and ill-treatment. The committee was keenly aware of the threat posed to Europe and peace by the rise of Nazism amongst their midst. They were right to honour Ossietzky.
Perhaps, this experience has continued to inform their decisions down the years, the Norwegians being stuck in a time warp of fear, no longer able to detect the threats posed to freedom by the imperial capitalism of the US, or to appreciate the different paths to development taken by other cultures. No other explanation can make sense of their refusing to recognise Noam Chomsky, an ardent opponent of war, and the imperial designs of the US ever since the Vietnam War. Even more baffling is their inability to recognise the tremendous contributions to peace theory and peace activism made by their own Norwegian professor, Johan Galtung, a trenchant critic of the west, widely recognised as the father of peace studies. And why on earth would they rush to give the prize to Barack Obama before he had time to achieve anything? They were ap­plauding only western liberalism’s ability to elect a black president of the us. The subtext of the award would read that they never thought Obama capable of achiev­ing anything in the future.
The Norwegian journalist, Hege Ulstein, sees the prize “rooted in the western hemi­sphere, based on a world view about to become obsolete”. She says that the leader of the committee, Thorbjørn Jagland, wanted to give the prize to a Chinese this year. “Fair enough, but why Liu?” she adds. “He criticises Chinese culture. He wants a westernised China…Liu was chosen be­cause he became a symbol after his arrest.” In her verdict she condemns the committee as paternalistic blinkered poli­ticians, “stricken in years” (Dagsavisen, 11 December 2010). The memory of Alfred Nobel requires a better informed committee to carry out his wishes for recognising true “champions of peace”.

courtesy:epw

UPSC(CSAT)IAS,CSE : Commerce and Accountancy : Optional Subject of Main Examination

PAPER-I
Accounting & Finance
Part - I: Accounting, Taxation & Auditing
Financial Accounting
Accounting as a financial information system; Impact of behavioural science. Accounting Standards e.g., accounting for depreciation, inventories, gratuity, research and development costs, long term construction contracts, revenue recognition, fixed assets, contingencies, foreign exchange transactions, investments and government grants.
Advanced problems of company accounts. Amalgamation absorption and reconstruction of companies. Valuation of shares and goodwill.
Cost AccountingNature and functions of cost accounting.Job Costing.Process Costing.Marginal Costing; Techniques of segregating semi-variable costs into fixed and variable costs.Cost-volume-profit relationship; aid to decision making including pricing decisions, shutdown etc.Techniques of cost control and cost reduction.Budgetary control, flexible budgets.Standard costing and variance analysis.Responsibility accounting, investment, profit and cost centres.
TaxationDefinitionsBasis of charge.Incomes which do not form part of total income.Simple problems of computation of income under various heads, i.e., salaries, income from house property, profits and gains from business or profession, capital gains, income of other persons included in assessees total income.Aggregation of income and set off/carry forward of loss.Deductions to be rhade in computing total income.
AuditingAudit of cash transactions, expenses, incomes, purchases, sales.Valuation and verification of assets with special reference to fixed assets, stocks and debts.Verification of liabilities.Audit of limited companies; appointment, removal, powers, duties and liabilities of company auditor, significance of true and fare, MAOCARO report.Auditors report and qualifications therein. Special points in the audit of different organisations like clubs, hospitals, colleges, charitable societies.

Part - II: Business Finance and Financial InstitutionsFinance Function - Nature, Scope and Objectives of Financial Management -Risk and Return relationship.Financial Analysis as a Diagnostic Tool.
Management of Working Capital and its Components - Forecasting working capital needs, inventory, debtors cash and credit management.
Investment Decisions - Nature and Scope of Capital Budgeting - Various types of decisions including Make or Buy and Lease or Buy - Techniques of Appraisal and their application-Consideration of Risk and Uncertainty - Analysis of Non-financial Aspects.
Rate of Return on Investments - Required Rate of Return - its measurement - Cost of Capital - Weighted Average Cost - Different Weights.
Concepts of Valuation - Valuation of firms Fixed Income Securities and Common Stocks.
Dividend and Retention Policy - Residual Theory or Dividend Policy - Other Models - Actual Practices.
Capital Structure - Leverages - Significance of Leverages - Theories of Capital Structure with special reference to Modighani and Miller approach. Planning the Capital Structure of a Cojmpany; EBIT-EPS Analysis, Cash-flow ability to service debt, Capital Structure Ratios, other methods.
Raising finance - Short term and long term. Bank finance - norm* and conditions.
Financial Distress - Approaching BIFR under Sick Industrial Undertakings Act: Concept of Sickness, Potential Sickness, Cash Loss, Erosion of Networth.
Money Markets - The purpose of Money Markets, Money Market in India -Organization and working of Capital markets in India - Organization, Structure and Role of Financial Institutions in India. Banks and Investing Institutions - National and International Financial Institutions - their norms and types,of financial assistance provided - Inter-bank Lending-its regulation, supervision and control. System of Consortium - Supervision and regulation of banks.Monetary and Credit policy of Reserve Bank of India.


PAPER-II
Organisation Theory and Industrial Relations
Part-I: Organisation TheoryNature and concept of Organisation - Organisation goals; Primary and secondary goals, Single and multiple goals, ends means chain-Displacement, succession, expansion and multiplication of goals - Formal organisation; Type, Structure - Line and Staff, functional matrix, and project - Informal organisation - functions and limitations.
Evolution of organisation theory: Classical, Neo-classical and system approach- Bureaucracy; Nature and basis of power, sources of power, power structure and politics - Organisational behaviour as a dynamic system: technical, social and power systems - interrelations and interactions - Perception-Status system. Theoretical and empirical foundation of theories and Models of motivation. Morale and productivity - Leadership: Theories and styles -Management of conflicts in organisation - Transactional Analysis - Significance of culture to organisations. Limits of rationality - Organisational change, adaptation, growth and development, Professional management Vs. family management, Organisational control and effectiveness.
Part-II: Industrial Relations.
Nature and scope of industrial relations, the socio-economic set-up, need for positive approach.Industrial labour in India and its commitment - stages of commitments. Migratory nature - merits and shortcomings.Theories of Unionism.
Trade Union movement in India - origin, growth and structure; Attitude and approach of management in India - recognition. Problems before Indian Trade Union movement.
Industrial disputes - sources; strikes and lockouts.Compulsory adjudication and collective bargaining - approaches.Workers participation in management - philosophy, rationale; present day state of affairs and future prospects.Prevention and settlement of industrial disputes in India.Industrial relations in Public Enterprises.Absenteeism and labour turnover in Indian Industries - causes.Relative wages and wage differentials; wage policy.Wage policy in India; the Bonus issue.I.L.O. and India;Role of Personnel Department in the Organisation.

UPSC(CSAT)IAS,CSE : Electrical Engineering : Optional Subject of Main Examination

Paper-I
Electrical Circuits-Theory and Applications: Circuit components; network graphs; KCL, KVL; circuit analysis methods: nodal analysis, mesh analysis; basis network theorems and applications; transient analysis: RL, RC and RLC circuits; sinusoidal steady state analysis; resonant circuits and applications; coupled circuits and applications; balanced 3-phase circuits. Two-port networks, driving point and transfer functions; poles and zeros of network functions. Elements of network synthesis. Filter-theory: design and applications. Active filters. Circuit simulation: Input formats; methods of education formulation; solution of equations; output formats; SPICE.
Signals & Systems: Representation of continuous-time and discrete-time signals & systems; LTI systems; convolution; impulse response; time domain analysis of LTI systems based on convolution and differential/ difference equations. Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform, Transfer function. Sampling and recovery of signals DFT, FFT prossing of analog signals through discrete-time systems.
E.M. Theory: Maxwells equations, wave propagation in bounded media. Boundary conditions, reflection and refraction of plane waves. Transmission line: Distributed parameter circuits, Travelling and standing waves, impedance matching, Smith chart. Waveguides: parallel plane guide, TE, TM and TEM waves, rectangular and cylindrical wave guides, resonators, Planar transmission lines; stripline, microstripline.
Analog Electronics: Characteristics and equivalent circuits (large and small-signal) of Diode, BJT, JFET and MOSFET. Diode, circuits clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability. FET amplifiers. Current mirror; Amplifiers: single and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback and power. Analysis of amplifiers; frequency-response of amplifiers. OPAMP circuits. Filters; sinusoidal oscillators: criterion for oscillation; single transistor and OPAMP configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits. Power Supplies.
Digital Electronics: Boolean algebra; minimisation of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational circuits: arithmetic circuits code converters, multiplexers and decoders. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers.Comparators, timers, multivibrators. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs and DACs. Semiconductor memories. Logic implementation using programmable devices (ROM, PL A, FPGA).
Energy Conversion: Principles of electromechanical energy conversion: Torque and e.m.f. in rotating machines. DC machines: characteristics and performance analysis; starting and speed control of motors.
Transformers: principles of operation and analysis; regulation, efficiency; 3-phase transformers. 3-phase induction machines and synchronous machines: Characteristics and performance analysis; speed control. Special machines: Stepper motors, brushless DC motors, permanent magnet motors single-phase motors; FHP.
Power Electronics and Electric Drives: Semiconductor power devices: diode, transistor, thyristor, triac, GTO and MOSFET-static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters; fully-con trolled and half-controlled; principles of thyristor choppers and inverters; basic concepts of speed control of dc and a. c. motor drives.Applications of variable-speed drives.
Analog Communication: Random variables: continuous, discrete; probability, probability functions. Statistical averages; probability models; Random signals and noise; white noise, noise equivalent bandwidth; signal transmission with noise; single to noise ratio. Linear CW modulation: Amplitude modulation: DSB, DSB-SC and SSB. Modulators and Demodulators; Phase and frequency modulation: PM & FM signals; narrowband FM; generation & detection of FM and PM, Deemphasis, Pre-emphasis. CW modulation system: Superheterodyne receivers, AM receivers, communication receivers, FM receivers, phase locked loop, SSB receiver. Signal to noise ratio calculation for AM and FM receivers.
Microwaves and Antenna: Electromagnetic radiation, Propagation of waves: ground waves, sky wave, space wave, tropospheric scatter propagation. Extraterrestrial communications. Antenna: Various types, gain, resistance, bandwidth, beam-width and polarization, effect of ground. Antenna coupling; high frequency antennas; microwave antennas; special purpose antennas. Microwave Services: Klystron, magnetron, TWT, gun diodes, Impatt, Bipolar and FETs, Microwave integrated circuits. Microwave measurements.


PAPER- II
Control Systems: Elements of control systems; block-diagram representation; open-loop & closed-loop systems; principles and applications of feedback. LTI systems: time-domain and transform-do.nain analysis. Stability: Routh Hurwitz criterion, root-loci, Nyquists criterion, Bode-plots, Design of lead-lad compensators. Proportional, PI, PID controllers. State-variable representation and analysis of control systems. Principles of discrete-control svstems.
Electrical Engineering Materials: Electrical/electronic behaviour of materials: conductivity; free-electrons and band theory; intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor, p-n junction; solar ceils, super-conductivity. Dielectric behaviour of materials; polarization phenomena; piezo-electric phenomena. Magnetic materials; behaviour and application. Photonic materials: refractive index, absorption and emission of light, optical fibres, lasers and opto¬electronic materials.
Microprocessors and microcomputers: 8-bit microprocessor: architecture, -, CPU, module design, memory interfacing, I/O, Peripheral controllers, Multiprocessing. IBMPC architecture: overview, introduction to Dos, Advanced microprocessors.
Measurement and Instrumentation: Error analysis; measurement of current, voltage, power, energy, power-factor, resistance, inductance, capacitance and frequency; bridge measurements. Electronic measuring instruments; multimeter, CRO, digital voltmeter, frequency counter, Q-meter, spectrum-analyser, distortion-meter. Transducers: thermocouple, thermistor, L.VDT, strain-gauge, piezo-electric crystal. Use of transducers in measurements of non-electrical quantities. Data-acquisition systems.IC Technology: Overview of IC Technology. Unit-steps used in IC fabrication: wafer cleaning, photo-lithography, wet and dry etching, oxidation, diffusion, ion-implantation, CVD and LPCVD techniques for deposition of polysilicon, silicon, silicon-nitride and silicon dioxide: metallisation and passivation.
Power Systems: Analysis and Control: Steady-state performance of overhead transmission lines and cables; principles of active and reactive power transfer and distribution; per-unit quantities; bus admittance and impedance matrices; load flow; voltage control and power factor correction; economic operation; symmetrical components, analysis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. Concept of system stability: swing curves and equal area criterion. Static VAR system. Basic concepts of HVDC transmission; FACTS.
Computer control and Automaton: Introduction to energy control centres; various states of a power system; SCADA systems and RTUs. Active power control; Speed control of generators, tieline control, frequency control. Economic dispatch.
Power system protection: Principle of overcurrent, differentional and distance protection. Concept of solid state relays. Circuit brakers. Computer aided protection: Introduction; line bus, generator, transformer protection; numeric i relays and application of DSP to protection.
Non-Conventional Energy Sources and Energy Management: Introduction to the energy problem; difficulties with conventional energy sources. Wind-Energy: Basics of Wind turbine aerodynamics; wind-energy conversion systems and their integration into electrical grid. Solar-Energy: thermal conversion: photovoltaic conversion. Wave-energy. Importance of Energy Management: Energy audit; energy economics: discount rate, payback period, internal rate of return, life cycle costing.
Digital Communication: Pulse code modulation (PCM), differentia! pulse code modulation (DPCM), delta modulation (DM), Digital modulation and demodulation schemes: amplitude, phase and frequency keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK). Error control coding: error detection and correction, linear block codes, convolution codes. Information measure and source coding. Data networks, 7-layer architecture.Satellite communication, Radar and TV
Satellite Communication: General overview and technical characteristics, earth station equipment, satellite link design, CNR of Satellite system. Radar: Basic principles, Pulsed systems: CW Doppler radar, FMCW radar, Phase array radars. Television Systems: Television systems and standards, Black and White and Colour-TV transmission and receiver systems.
Fibre Optic System: Multiplexing: Time division multiplexing, Frequency Division multiplexing. Optical properties of materials: Refractive index absorption and emission of light, optical fibres, lasers and optoelectronic materials Fibre optic links.

Violence against Women:How serious are government agencies about dealing with rape in India’s cities?

The aftermath of the abduction and gang rape of a teenage girl in a car in New Delhi on 12 December – the fourth in the capital in the last two months – set off the usual reactions from the government and the media. The police announced measures which should have actually been in place a long time ago. The chief minister gave instructions which had been issued earlier but had not been followed. The media repeated the many inadequacies in police investigation procedures, shortcomings in the judicial system leading to a low rate of conviction of rapists and offered glib explanations for the increasing rate of urban crime. Neither the police nor the media focused on implementation of existing guidelines and learning from the experiences of past cases of rape across the country. A 30-year-old business process outsourcing (BPO) employee was abducted and assaulted in New Delhi in a moving car on the night of 26 November while she was walking home after getting off an office vehicle. Not only were the National Commission for Women’s (NCW) guidelines regarding the safety of women in BPOs flouted, but the police failed to react quickly though a police control room (PCR) call was made within seconds of the abduction. Following a number of instances of rape and murder of BPO women employees across the country in the past few years, the NCW had directed call centre managements to ensure that women employees are dropped at their doorstep, are not the first to be picked up and the last to be dropped off and that a security guard accompanies them. The teenage victim too was walking to her mother’s factory to pick her up after work. Delhi Chief Minister Sheila Dixit said that the labour commissioner had been instructed to "reiterate" orders to drop women at their residences in the night. Why were these orders not being followed until now? Are the guidelines being followed strictly in other parts of the country?
The other measures announced include deployment of more women officers, gender sensitisation and a rapid response of the police, movement of PCR vans in vulnerable areas, setting up citizen panchayats, and establishing fast track courts to try rape cases. The Delhi Commission for Women wants all call centre taxis to have a global positioning system (GPS). The Delhi police has initiated a special drive against vehicles with reflective and dark glass (an infringement of the Central Motor Vehicle Rules 1989).
Why were all these not already in place? While Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad are information technology (IT) and BPO
hubs, what about the safety of women workers in other industries and indeed all women? And while it is an accepted fact that employers have an obligation to ensure the safety of their employees, does this absolve the police of the duty to patrol the city diligently at night? The police force’s capabilities to react quickly to emergency situations are also in doubt despite prompt complaints and the availability of advanced communications technology. In the case of the BPO employee, who was raped on 26 November, the PCR van and the policemen from the local station failed to locate the tempo in which she was abducted. Following this, the Delhi police carried out a mock drill and identified the possible routes of escape by criminals. Despite this, in the rape case that followed less than a month later 600 police personnel took three hours to trace the vehicle though they had been provided with the last four digits of its number plate. How seriously did the force take this mock drill?
Another disturbing trend that is emerging is the involvement of minors in urban crimes. The case of three young siblings being sexually abused by their senior classmates in Delhi’s Prasad Nagar for well over a year came to light a few months ago. In the recent rape case too, a minor is among the five accused. According to the police record, as reported in the media, the involvement of juveniles in sex-related crimes in Delhi has risen from 5%-10% to 27% over the last few years.
The issue of rapid urbanisation across the country without an accompanying increase in either civic amenities or resources to deal with this growth has been a part of public discourse for long. While the causes of rising crime in India’s urban areas (the average rate of crime in urban agglomeration centres at 321.8 was much higher than the national crime rate of 181.5, according to the National Crime Records Bureau report of 2008) are complex, "migrants" and "outsiders" become handy culprits to blame for rising urban crime. The authorities’ lack of preparedness in dealing with burgeoning urbanisation are hardly focused on. According to the Delhi police records, more than 83% of people involved in crimes this year were from the city itself, while only 17% were "outsiders".
There are reams of suggestions as well as official measures already in place on police and judicial procedures to prevent/ deal with rape. The point is whether the government cares enough about the safety of its women citizens to ensure their
implementation.
courtesy-epw.

UPSC(CSAT)IAS,CSE : Economics : Optional Subject of Main Examination

Paper-I
1. Ricardian, Marshallian and Walrasain approaches to price determination. Types of Markets and price determination. Criteria orWelfare improvement. Alternate theories of distribution.
2. Functions of money - Measurement of price level changes - Money and real balances - Monetary standards - High - powered money and the Quantity theory of money, its variants and critiques thereof - Demand for and supply of money - The money multiplier. Theories of determination of interest rate - Interest and prices - Theories of inflation and control of inflation.
3. Full employment and Says Law - underemployment equilibrium -Keynes Theory of employment (and income) determination - Critiques of Keynesian Theory.
4. The modern monetary system - Banks, non-bank financial intermediaries, Discount House, and Central Bank. Structure of Money and financial markets and control. Money market instruments, bills and bonds. Real and nominal interest rates. Goals and instruments of monetary management in closed and open economies. Relation between the Central Bank and the Treasury. Proposal for ceiling on growth rate of money.
5. Public finance and its role in market economy in stabilisation, supply stability, allocative efficiency, distribution and development. Sources of revenue - Forms of Taxes and subsidies, their incidence and effects; Limits to taxation, loans, crowding - out effects, and limits to borrowing. Types of budget deficits - Public expenditure and its effects.
6. International Economics(i) Old and New theories of International Trade.a) Comparative advantage, Terms of trade and offer curve.b) Product cycle and Strategic trade theories.c) Trade as an engine of growth and theories of underdevelopment in an open economy.
(ii) Forms of protection.(iii) Balance of Payments Adjustments: Alternative Approachesa) Price versus income, income adjustments under fixed exchange rates.b) Theories of policy mix.c) Exchange rate adjustments under capital mobility.d) Floating Rates and their implications for developing countries; Currency Boards.
(iv) (a) IMF and the World Bank.(b) W.T.O.(c) Trade Blocks and monetary unions.
7. Growth and development.(i) Theories of growth: Classical and neo-classical theories; The Harrod model; economic development under surplus Labour; wage-goods as a constraint on growth; relative importance of physical and human capitals in growth; innovations and development; Productivity, its growth and source of changes thereof. Factors determining savings to income ratio and the capital-out put ratio.
(ii) Main features of growth: Changes in Sectoral compositions of income; Changes in occupational distribution; changes in income distribution; changes in consumption levels and patterns; changes in savings and investment and in pattern of investment. Case for and against industralization. Significance of agriculture in developing countries.
(iii) Relation between state, planning and growth, Changing roles of market and plans in growth economic policy and growth.
(iv) Role of foreign capital and technology in growth. The significance of multinationals.
(v) Welfare indicators and measures of growth - Human development indices - The basic needs approach.
(vi) Concept of sustainable development; convergence of levels of living of developed and developing countries; meaning of self-reliance in growth and development.


PAPER II
I. Evolution of the Indian Economy till independence. The Colonial Heritage: Land System & Agriculture, Taxes, Money and credit, Trade, Exchange Rate, The Drain of Wealth controversy of late 19th Century. Randades critique of Laissez-Faire; Swadeshi movements; Gandhi and Hind Swaraj.
II. Indian Economics in Post-Independent Era - Contributions of Vakil, Gadgil and Rao. National and per capita Income; Patterns, Trends, Aggregate and sectoral - composition and changes therein. Broad factors determining National Income and its distribution; Measures of poverty. Trends in below poverty-line proportion.
III. Employment: Factors determining employment in short and long periods. Role of capital, wage-goods, wage-rate and technology. Measures of unemployment. Relation between income, poverty and employment, and issues of distribution and social justice.
Agriculture - Institutional setup of land system size of agricultural holdings and efficiency - Green Revolution and technological changes - Agricultural prices and terms of trade - Role of public distribution and farm-subsidies on agricultural prices and production. Employment and poverty in agriculture - Rural wages - employment schemes - growth experience - land reforms. Regional disparities in agricultural growth. Role of Agriculture in export.
IV. Industry: Industrial system of India: Trends in Composition and growth. Role of public and private sectors, Role of small and cottage industries. Indian industrial Strategy - Capital versus consumer goods, wage-goods versus luxuries, capital - intensive versus labour-intensive techniques, import-substituting versus export promotion. Sickness and high-cost Industrial policies and their effects. Recent moves for liberalisation and their effects on Indian industry.
V. Money and bariking: The monetary institutions of India: Factors determining demand for and supply of money. Sources of Reserve money - money multipliers - Techniques of money supply regulation under open economy - Functioning of money market in India. Budget defi.it and money supply. Issues in Reform of Monetary and Banking Sy stems.
VI. Index numbers of price levels - Course of Price level in post-independence period - sources and causes of inflation - role of monetary and supply factors in price level determination - policies towards control of inflation. Effects of inflation under open economy.
VII. Trade, balance of payments and exchange: Foreign trade of India; composition and direction shifts in trade policy from import substitution to export promotion. Impact of liberalisation on pattern of trade. Indias external Borrowings - the Debt problem. Exchange rate of the rupee; Devaluations, depreciations and their effects on balance of payments-Gold imports and Gold policy - convertibility on current and capital accounts - rupee in an open economy. Integration of Indian economy with world economy - India and the WTO.
VIII. Public Finance and Fiscal policy: Characteristics of and trends in Indias Public Finance - Role of Taxes, (direct and indirect) and subsidies - Fiscal and monetary deficits - public expenditures and their significance -Public Finance and Inflation - Limiting Governments debt - Recent fiscal policies and their effects.
IX. Economic Planning in India - Trends in Savings and investment -Trends in Savings to Income and capital-output ratios - Productivity, its sources, growth and trends - growth versus distribution - Transition from Central Planning to indicative planning - relation between Market and Plan-strategies for Growth, social justice and Plans. Planning and increasing the growth rate.

Acer: The Aspire 1551.

The new Aspire 1551 note book is new product of Acer. Comparatively other Acer laptop this is the best for perform business and research and so on .it includes video encoding/decoding thanks to it's 2GHz AMD Phenom II N930 Quad core CPU. If you want to gaming in Acer Aspire1551, it has the best of best graphics processors.
The Acer Aspire 1551 Note book can be replace the traditional desk top. It has 11.6-inches. Let's take a look at the specifics of the Acer Aspire

Key specification
· 11.6-inch CineCrystal LED-backlit widescreen display with 1366 x 768-pixel resolution (native 720p for high-definition viewing), support for a 16.7 million color depth, and high brightness rating (200-nit).
· 1.3 GHz AMD Athlon II Neo dual-core processor K325 (2 MB L2 cache) provides a full-featured PC experience, exceptional HD entertainment and long battery life rating so you can do more on the go.
· 250 GB SATA hard drive (5400 RPM)
· 3 GB of installed DDR3 RAM (1066 MHz; expandable to 4 GB)
· ATI Radeon HD 4225 graphics card provides exceptional features, performance and power-efficiencies that enrich what you see and do (256 MB - 1405 MB dynamically allocated shared graphics memory).
· Multi-Gesture Touchpad allows you to pinch, flick and swirl your fingers across the touchpad for more natural photo and video viewing as well as intuitive navigation of websites such as Google Earth. It also enables you to scroll, zoom in and out and flip through web pages, photos, spreadsheets and more.
· Built-in webcam and microphone delivers solid communication to all your family and friends.
· Built-in stereo speakers with Dolby Sound Room, which combines a suite of technologies to deliver truly stunning virtual surround listening from your two laptop speakers, or on headphones for a more immersive private performance.
· Wireless-N Wi-Fi networking capability provides up to five times the performance and twice the wireless range using 802.11n-compatible routers as you would with 802.11g networks. It's also backward compatible with 802.11b/g networks (commonly found at Wi-Fi hotspots and in older home routers). This laptop uses Acer InviLink Nplify technology that enables multi-stream input or output for faster and more reliable bandwidth, and it also offers Acer SignalUp technology for enhanced antenna efficiency.
· Gigabit Ethernet (10/100/1000)
· Multi-in-1 Digital Media Card Reader compatible with Secure Digital (SD), MultiMediaCard (MMC), Memory Stick (MS), Memory Stick PRO (MS PRO), xD-Picture Card (xD)
· Three USB 2.0 ports
· HDMI high-definition audio/video output allows a single cable to transmit uncompressed high-definition video to your digital TV or LCD. It also includes a standard VGA video output.
· Windows 7 Home Premium makes it easy to create a home network and share all of your favorite photos, videos, and music. And you can watch shows for free when and where you want with Internet TV on Windows Media Center. Get the best entertainment experience with Windows 7 Home Premium.
· Get more features with Windows Anytime Upgrade. It's the best way to add features to Windows 7, takes as few as ten minutes, requires no software or downloads, and you'll keep your existing programs, files, and settings. Windows will walk you through the simple upgrade process.
· Pre-loaded software includes Microsoft Works SE 9.0 for word processing and spreadsheet work. Enjoy a 60-day trial version of Microsoft Office Home and Student 2007.
· Up to 5 hours of battery life (6-cell battery)
· Dimensions: 11.2 x 8.0 x 1.1 inches (WxDxH)
· Weight: 3.1 pounds
· Warranty: One-year parts and labor limited warranty with concurrent International Traveler's Warranty
· Energy Star certified
Software and productivity.
Acer Backup Manager2
Acer ePower Management
Acer eRecovery Management
Adobe® Flash® Player 10
Adobe® Reader® 9.1
eSobi™
Google™ Setup
Google Toolbar™
Microsoft® Office Trial (Service Pack 2)
Microsoft® Works SE 92 (Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Poland, Russia, UK and US only)
Microsoft® Works 9
Microsoft® Works 8.5
Norton™ Online Backup
Security
McAfee® Internet Security Suite Trial15
MyWinLocker®2
Multimedia
Cyberlink® PowerDVD™
Gaming
Oberon GameZone2 (except US, Canada, Hong Kong, Korea)
WildTangent®2 (US, Canada only)
Communication and ISP
Acer Video Conference Manager2
Microsoft® Silverlight™
Skype™
Windows Live™ Essentials — Wave 3.2 (Mail, Photo Gallery, Live™ Messenger, Movie Maker, Writer)
Utilities and tools
Acer Assist
Acer Identity Card
Acer Registration
Acer Updater
eBay® shortcut 20092 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Spain, UK, US only)
Netflix shortcut2 (US only)

UPSC(CSAT)IAS,CSE : Agriculture: Optional Subject of Main Examination

Paper-I
Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Climatic elements as factors of crop growth, impact of changing environment on cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans.
Cropping pattern in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of high-yielding and short duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. Concepts of multiple cropping, multistorey, relay and inter-cropping and their importance in relation to food production. Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibres, sugar and commercial and fodder crops grown during Kharif and Rabi seasons in different regions of the country.
Important features, scope and propagation of various types of forestry plantations, such as extension, social forestry, agro-forestry and natural , forests.
Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications; cultural, biological and chemical control of weeds.
Soil - physical, chemical and biologicai properties. Processes and factors of soil formation. Modern classification of Indian soils, Mineral and organic constituents of productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. Principles of soil fertility and its evaluation for judicious fertiliser use, integrated nutrient management. Losses of nitrogen in soil, nitrogen-use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Fixation of phosphorus and potassium in soils and the scope for their efficient use. Problem soils and their reclamation methods.
Soil conservation planning on watershed basis. Erosion and run off management in hilly, foot hills and valley lands; processes and factors affecting them. Dryland agriculture and its problems. Technology of stabilising agriculture production in rainfed agriculture area.
Water use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of water-iogged soils, quality of irrigation water, effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution.
Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum resources use and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems.
Marketing and pricing of agricultural inputs and outputs, price fluctuations and their cost; role of co-operatives in agricultural economy; types and systems of farming and factors, affecting them.Agricultural extension, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes, socio-economics survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers; farm mechanization and its role in agricultural production .and rural employment. Training programmes for extension workers; lab-to-land programmes.

Paper II
Cell Theory, cell structure, cell organelles and their function, cell division, nucleic acids structure and function, gene structure and function. Laws of heredity, their significance in plant breeding. Chromosome structure, chromosomal aberrations, linkage and cross-over and their significance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids and an euploids. Mutation-micro and macro-and their role in crop improvement. Variation, components of variation. Heritability, sterility and incompatibility, classification and their application in crop improvement. Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited characters.
History of plant breeding. Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques. Origin and evolution of crop plants, centre of origin, law of homologous series, crop genetic resources conservation and utilization. Application of principles of plant breeding to the improvement of major field crops. Pure-line selection, pedigree, mass and recurrent selections, combining ability, its significance in plant breeding. Hybrid vigour and its exploitation, backcross method of breeding, breeding for disease and pest resistance, role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. Role of biotechnology in plant breeding. Improved varieties, hybrids, composites of various crop plants.
Seed technology, its importance. Different kinds of seeds and their seed production and processing techniques. Role of public and private sectors in seed production, processing and marketing in India.Physiology and its significance in agriculture. Imbibition, surface tension, diffusion and osmosis. Absorption and translocation of water, transpiration of water economy.
Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis modern concepts and factors affecting the process, aerobic and nonaerobic respiration; C, C and CAM mechanisms. Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.Growth and development; photoperiodism and vernalization. Auxins, hormones and other plant regulators and their mechanism of action and importance in agriculture. Physiology of seed development and germination; dormancy.
Climatic requirements and cultivation of major fruits, plants and vegetable crops and flower plants; the package of practices and their scientific basis. Handling and marketing problems of fruits and vegetables. Principal methods of preservation of important fruits and vegetables products, processing techniques and equipment. Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition. Raising of ornamental plants and design and layout of lawns and gardens.
Diseases and pests of field vegetables, orchard and plantation crops of India. Causes and classification of plants pests and diseases. Biological control of pests and diseases. Integrated pest and disease management. Epidemiology and forecasting.
Pesticides, their formulations and modes of action. Compatibility with rhizobial inoculants. Microbial toxins.
Storage pests and diseases of cereals and pulses, and their control.Food production and consumption trends in India. National and international food policies. Production procurement, distribution and processing constraints. Relation of food production to national dietary pattern, major deficiencies of calorie and protein.

UPSC(CSAT)IAS,CSE : Psychology : Main Examination Exams

Foundations of Psychology Section-A
1. Introduction : Psychology as a Science : Definitions and perspective. Psychology in relation to other social and natural sciences. Use of interdiciplinary approach.
2. Methods of Psychology : Characteristics and componets of methods in psychology (induction, deduction and introspection). Observation, Survey, Laboratory and field experiments. Clinical and Case study. Experimental and quasi experimental methods.
3. Research methods and quantitative analysis : Major steps in psychological research (problem statement, hypothesis formulation, research design, sampling, tools of data collection, analysis and interpretation and report writing). Fundamental versus applied research. Methods of data collection (interview, observation, questionnaire and case study). Research Designs (Ex-post facto and experimental). Application of statistical techniques (t-test, one-way ANOVA correlation and regression and chi-square tests).
4. Development of Human Behaviour : The nature, origin and development. Role of genetic and environmental factors in determining human behaviour. Influence of cultural factors and socialisation. Life span development-the critical periods and their handling, Mastery of the developmental tasks. Influence of child rearing practices and its impact on the growth and development of the individual, concept of national character.
5. Attention and perception : Attention- factors, influencing attention including set and characteristics- of stimulus. Sensation-concepts of threshold, absolute and difference thresholds, signal detection and vigilance. Definition and concept of perception, biological factors in perception. Perceptual organisation-influence of past experiences, Perceptual-defence-factors influencing. Space and depth perception, size estimation and perceptual readiness.
6. Learning : Concepts and theories of learning (Pavlov, Skimer and Piaget). The processes of extinction, discrimination and generalisation. Programmed learning, probability learning, self instructional learning, concepts, types and the schedules of reinforcement. Modelling and social learning.
7. Memory : Concepts and definition of memory and forgetting, 7+/-2 concept and clumking Encoding, storage and retrieval. Factors influencing retention.and foregetting. Theories of forgetting (Repression, Decay and Interference theories). The concept cf reminiscence.

Section-B
8. Thinking and Problem Solving: Concept formation processes. Resoning and problem solving. Creative thinking and fostering creativity. Information processing. Decision making and judgement.
9. Intelligence and Aptitude : Concept and definition of Intelligence and aptitude, Nature and theories of intelligence. Measurement of Intelligence and aptitude Concepts and measurement of emotional and multiple intelligence.
10. Motivation and Emotion : Definition and concepts. Theories and physiological basis of motivation and emotion. Measurement of motivation and emotion Motivation and emotion-their effects on behaviour.
11. Personality : Concept and definition of personality. Theories of personality {psychoanalytical, socio-cultural, interpersonal and developmental, humanistic, behaviouristic, trait and type approaches). Measurement of personality (projective tests, pencil-paper tet). The Indian approach to Personality. Training for personality development.
12. Language and Communication: Human language-properties, structure , and linguistic hierarchy, Language acquisition-predisposition, critical period hypothesis. Theories of language development (Skinner, Chomsky), Process and types of communication. Effective communication and training.
13. Attitudes, Values and Interests : Definitions, concepts of attitudes, values and interests. Components ofattitudes, values and interests. Formation and maintenance of attitudes. Measurement of attitudes, values and interests. Theories of attitudes, and attitudes changes, strategies for fostering values.
14. Recent Trends : Computer application in the Psychological laboratory and psychological testing. Articial Intelligence. Psychocybernetics. Study of consciousness-sleep-wake schedules; dreams, stimulus deprivation, meditation, hypnoti c/drug induced states. Extrasensory perception. Intersensory perception Simulation studies.

PAPER-II
Psychology: Issues and Applications

Section-A
1. Psychological Measurement of Individual Diference : The nature of individual differences. Characteristics and construction of standardized psychological tests. Types of psychological tests. Use, misuse and limitation of psychological tests. Ethical issues in the use of psychological tests.
2. Well being and Mental Disorders : Concept of health, positive health, well being and ill health. Mental disorders (Anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophernia and delusional disorders; personality disorders, substance abuse disorders). Causal factors in mental disorders. Factors influencing positive health, well being, life style and quality of life.
3. Therapeutic Approaches : Psychody-namic therapies. Behaviour therapies. Client centered therapy. Cognitive therapies. Indigenous therapies (Yoga, Reiki, Meditation) Biofeedback therapy. Prevention and rehabilitation of the mentally ill.
4. Work Psychology and Organisational Behaviour : Personnel selection and training. Use of Psychological tests in the industry. Training and human resource development. Theories of work motivation. Leadership and participatory management. Advertising and marketing.
5. Application of Psychology to Educational Field : Psychological principles underlying effective teaching-learning process.Learning styles Gifted, retarded, learning disabled and their training. Training for improving memory and better academic achievement Personality development and value education, Educational, vocational guidance and Career counselling. Use of Psychological tests in educational institutions.
6. Communty Psychology : Definition and concept of Community Psychology. Role of community psychologists in social change. Use of small groups in social action. Arousing community consciousness and action for handling social problems.. Group decision making and leadership for social change.
7. Rehabilitation Psychology : Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention programmes-role of psychologists. Organising of services for rehabilitation of physically, mentally and socially challenged persons including old persons. Rehabilitation of persons suffering from substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, criminal behaviours. Rehabilitation of victims of violence. Rehabilialion of HIV/.AIDS victims.

Section-B
8. Application of Psychology to disadvantaged groups : The concepts of disadvantaged, deprivation and socially deprived. Social, physical, cultural and economic consequences of disadvantaged and deprived groups. Educating and motivating the disadvantaged towards development.
9. Psychological and the problem of social integration : The concept of social integration. The problem of caste, class, religion and language conflicts and prejudice. Nature and manifestation of prejudice between the ingroup and outgroup. Casual factors of such conflicts and prejudices. Psychological strategies for handling the conflicts and prejudices. Measures to achieve social integration.
10. Application of psychology in Information Technology and Mass media : The present scenario of information technology and the mass media boom and the role of psychologists. Selection and training of psychology professionals to work in the field of IT and mass media. Distance learning through IT and mass media. Entrepre neurship through e-commerce. Multilevel marketing. Impact of TV and fostering value through IT and mass media. Psychological consequences of recent developments in Information Technology.
11. Application of Psychology in the field of Defence : The concept of Military psychology, Aviation psychology and Pschological warfare Role of Military psychologists in the defence. Selection, recruitment and training of personnel. Facilitating the process of adjustment of personnel to military life-Role of Counselling. Devising Psychological tests for defence personnel. Psychological disorders due -to war. Human engineering in Defence.
12. Psychology and Economic develoment : AchievemrTt motivation ad economic development- Characteristics of entrepreneurial behaviour. Motivating and Training people for entrepreneurship and economic development. Women Entrepreneurs. Consumer rights and consumer courts.
13. Application of psychology to enviroment and related fields : Environmental psychology-effects of noise, pollution and crowding. Population psychology-psychological corisquences of population explosion and high population density. Motivating for small family norms. Impact of rapid scientific and technological growth on degradation of environment.
14. Other applications of psychology : Sports psychology-improving performance of sports, personnel, psychology and understanding of political behaviour. Voting behaviours. Psychology of corruption and strategies to deal with Psychology of terrorism.